{"id":7117,"date":"2018-01-22T20:17:49","date_gmt":"2018-01-22T20:17:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=7117"},"modified":"2018-01-22T20:17:49","modified_gmt":"2018-01-22T20:17:49","slug":"ideologjia-si-nje-sistem-perfaqesues-althusser","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=7117","title":{"rendered":"Ideologjia si nj\u00eb sistem p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues &#8211; Althusser"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Nga Blerta Haxhiaj<br \/>\n<strong>Ideologjia <\/strong>gjithmon\u00eb ka q\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb aparat vital p\u00ebr \u00e7do qeveri dhe grupe dominante te shoq\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur pozicionin superior t\u00eb tij. &#8220;Nj\u00eb mi n\u00eb nj\u00eb labirint \u00ebsht\u00eb i lir\u00eb t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb kudo, p\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb q\u00ebndron brenda labirintit.&#8221; Ideologjia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb koncept ku ekzistenca e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb paralele m\u00eb<!--more--> ekzistencen e q\u00ebnieve njer\u00ebzore q\u00eb nga evolucioni i njeriut. P\u00ebr shum\u00eb shekujt ky koncept ishte i paduksh\u00ebm p\u00ebr subjekte t\u00eb nd\u00ebrgjegjshem. Ideologjia luan nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb ve\u00e7ant\u00eb n\u00eb teorin\u00eb neo-marksiste t\u00eb Louis Althusser, i cili konsideron se ideologjia ka nj\u00eb funksion t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet ekzistuese t\u00eb fuqis\u00eb shoq\u00ebrore. Autori shkruan se shteti konceptohet n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb eksplicite si nj\u00eb aparat shtyp\u00ebs. Shteti \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb &#8220;makin\u00eb&#8221; e shtypjes, e cila i mund\u00ebson klasave sunduese p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar dominimin e tyre mbi forcen pun\u00ebtore. \u00c7do subjekt inferior duhet t\u00eb q\u00ebndroje i bindur dhe t\u00eb jetoje si nj\u00eb makin\u00eb e programuar ndaj t\u00eb cil\u00ebs i k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb operoj\u00eb si ndreqes kodesh. Ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb kodet jan\u00eb aq transparente dhe t\u00eb prekshme n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri saq\u00eb thyerja e tyre sjell rezultat nj\u00eb opresion si burgosja, internimi bile edhe ekzekutimi. Kontrolli dhe dominimi n\u00eb kohet moderne nuk aplikohen p\u00ebrmes forc\u00ebs dhe sulmeve fizike por nuk do t\u00eb thot\u00eb q\u00eb k\u00ebto kan\u00eb pushuar s\u00eb ekzistuari. N\u00eb terminologjin\u00eb e Althusser-it kjo forme e shtypjes vet\u00ebm nd\u00ebrron emer dhe q\u00ebndron n\u00eb bazamentin e vjet\u00ebr m\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb re &#8211; aparatura shtet\u00ebrore represive dhe &#8211; aparati shtet\u00ebror ideologjik. Shek. XX karakterizohet si periudha ku njer\u00ebzit jetuan si rezultat i ndryshimeve politike, ideologjike, sociale, ekonomike, shkencore, mjek\u00ebsore dhe teknologjike. Atmosfera\u00a0 mes frik\u00ebs dhe opresionit paraqesin nj\u00eb ideologji e cila k\u00ebrkon dor\u00ebzimin e shtresave t\u00eb ulta dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb pand\u00ebrgjegjshmen e saj n\u00ebnshtrimin e pakufish\u00ebm. Kund\u00ebr trendit aktual p\u00ebr t\u00eb integruar pun\u00ebn e Marksit n\u00eb sistemet bashk\u00ebkohore t\u00eb mendimit, Althusser k\u00ebmb\u00ebngul se Marksi kishte themeluar nj\u00eb shkenc\u00eb radikale t\u00eb re, e cila ishte e pakonsumueshme n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb mendimet jo-marksiste. Koncepti i ideologjis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga konceptet kryesore q\u00eb Louise Althusser e zgjeron dhe e elaboron mbi idet\u00eb e Marksit. N\u00eb iden\u00eb e tij, Althusser, ideologjia m\u00eb s\u00eb shumti funksionon n\u00eb praktik\u00eb sesa n\u00eb teori. Ai e p\u00ebrshkruan k\u00ebt\u00eb se si ideologjia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues por n\u00eb t\u00eb shumt\u00ebn e rasteve k\u00ebto p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsime nuk kan\u00eb asgj\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt m\u00eb \u2018vet\u00ebdijen\u2019. Si zakonisht jan\u00eb imazhe dhe koncepte rast\u00ebsore t\u00eb cilat jan\u00eb t\u00eb strukturuara q\u00eb t\u00eb imponohen n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb shoq\u00ebris\u00eb. Shoq\u00ebria sipas Althusser \u00ebsht\u00eb e p\u00ebrb\u00ebr\u00eb nga dy nivelet ndara nga nj\u00ebra tjetra q\u00eb operojn\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pavarur ku ligjet dhe rregullat jan\u00eb t\u00eb zbatuara. N\u00ebse k\u00ebto shkelen k\u00ebto si pasoje ka d\u00ebnime t\u00eb r\u00ebnda. \u201cAparati Shtet\u00ebror (ASh) p\u00ebrmban: Qeverin\u00eb, Administrat\u00ebn, Ushtria, Policin\u00eb, Gjykatat, Burgjet p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb aparatin shtet\u00ebror represiv. Reprezentimi sugjeron se aparati i shtetit n\u00eb fjal\u00eb &#8216;funksionon me dhun\u00eb.\u201d &#8211;\u00a0 shtypja administrative, mund t\u00eb marrin forma jo fizike. Represioni nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00ebnyra e vetme p\u00ebr t&#8217;u p\u00ebrdorur si nj\u00eb metod\u00eb manipuluese edhe pse \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb nga metodat m\u00eb t\u00eb vjetra dhe m\u00eb primitive p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar njer\u00ebzit n\u00eb sistemet qeveris\u00ebse. N\u00eb shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb e avancuara dhe sistemet e tyre qeveris\u00ebse, ekzistojn\u00eb metoda q\u00eb jan\u00eb n\u00eb dispozicion t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve dhe nuk nd\u00ebrhyjn\u00eb direkt ose ndryshe jan\u00eb quajtur &#8216;aparatura shtet\u00ebrore ideologjike&#8217; i cili \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb mjet tjet\u00ebr i shtetit p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar dhe represionuar edhe pse vepron ndryshe. Luke Ferretter shkruan: Althusser tregon se ideologjia \u00ebsht\u00eb kryesisht lloji i diskursit q\u00eb nuk e b\u00ebjm\u00eb me vet\u00ebdije t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatshme p\u00ebr veten ton\u00eb, duke gjykuar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb racionale se \u00ebsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb. Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb lloji e fjalimit t\u00eb cilit pas reflektimit n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb kritike, nj\u00eb person q\u00eb b\u00ebn nj\u00eb akt t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm t\u00eb p\u00eblqimit. P\u00ebrkundrazi, ideologjia p\u00ebrfshin rrjedh\u00ebn e diskurseve, imazhet dhe idet\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha rreth nesh gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb koh\u00ebs, n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn na lindin, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilat rritemi dhe n\u00eb t\u00eb cil\u00ebn jetojm\u00eb, mendojm\u00eb dhe veprojm\u00eb.\u201d Nj\u00eb term i komplikuar ku \u00e7do gj\u00eb q\u00eb thuhet n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri jan\u00eb vet\u00ebm disa koncepte dhe imazhe q\u00eb p\u00ebrpiqen t\u00eb dominojn\u00eb mendjet subjekteve n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb subjektet t\u00eb mos jen\u00eb n\u00eb dijeni t\u00eb doktrinave dhe koncepteve t\u00eb tilla aty ku Althusser beson n\u00eb pavet\u00ebdijen e ideologjis\u00eb. Sipas teoris\u00eb s\u00eb tij ai beson se \u00e7do subjekt i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb rol n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri ku subjektet duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbushin k\u00ebt\u00eb rol duke u dakorduar m\u00eb sistemin qeveris\u00ebs sepse ai sistem karakterizon ekzistencen e tij n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri. Sipas Ferretter shkenca e materializmit historik tregon p\u00ebr realitetin materialist t\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs n\u00eb nj\u00eb kompleks forcash q\u00eb karakterizojn\u00eb nj\u00eb metod\u00eb kapitaliste t\u00eb prodhimit. Pika ky\u00e7e (forja) e ideologjis\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb se besimin e paraqitet si t\u00eb lir\u00eb sepse njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb t\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb veprojn\u00eb si t\u00eb lir\u00eb. Por liria mund t\u00eb paraqitet skllav\u00ebruese. N\u00eb \u00e7do shoq\u00ebri ndodh diferencimi i grupeve t\u00eb ndryshme me q\u00ebllime p\u00ebr t\u00eb dominuar mbi njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb i kan\u00eb si ndjek\u00ebs t\u00eb tyre dhe efekti m\u00eb interesant q\u00eb idea luan me ne \u00ebsht\u00eb se forma e jet\u00ebs s\u00eb subjektit ideologjik \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb krijimin e iluzionit q\u00eb mund t\u00eb fut\u00eb n\u00eb kurth njer\u00ebzit dhe t\u00eb vendos\u00eb p\u00ebr ta. Kuptimi i ideologjise mund t\u00eb sjelle rreziqet e veta dhe krijon p\u00ebr njer\u00ebzit q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb bazuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb realitet (v\u00ebrtet\u00eb) p\u00ebrmes individ\u00ebve q\u00eb vendosin p\u00ebr ta. P\u00ebrmes ideologjis\u00eb kompromiset e diskurseve sjellin kuptimin e t\u00eb keqkuptuar\u00ebs. Informacioni social gjithmon\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i k\u00ebrkuar nga vet\u00eb pjestar\u00ebt e shoq\u00ebris\u00eb n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme dhe riprodhuese si kusht\u00ebzuese e relacioneve produktive. Riprodhimi i kushteve t\u00eb prodhimit t\u00eb lidhjeve produktive ndodh p\u00ebrmes aparateve shtet\u00ebrore t\u00eb kontrolluara nga kapitalist\u00ebt duke ushtruar ideologjin\u00eb si represion primar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb sundoj. N\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb idologjis\u00eb subjektet mund t\u00eb manipulohen dhe t\u00eb kontrollohen q\u00eb n\u00eb bot\u00ebn ku jetojn\u00eb ata nuk jetojn\u00eb n\u00eb realitet por n\u00eb nj\u00eb iluzion duke luajtur lojen e tyre. Shteti si nj\u00eb kontrat\u00eb sociale \u00ebsht\u00eb gjithmon\u00eb e n\u00ebnshkruar nga njeriu dhe ajo ka klauzolat e saj t\u00eb padukshme q\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb si kurth p\u00ebr ti mashtruar me ideologjin\u00eb e vet. Jo t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Romak\u00ebt kan\u00eb folur Latinisht.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nga Blerta Haxhiaj Ideologjia gjithmon\u00eb ka q\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb aparat vital p\u00ebr \u00e7do qeveri dhe grupe dominante te shoq\u00ebris\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur pozicionin superior t\u00eb tij. &#8220;Nj\u00eb mi n\u00eb nj\u00eb labirint \u00ebsht\u00eb i lir\u00eb t\u00eb shkoj\u00eb kudo, p\u00ebr sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb q\u00ebndron brenda labirintit.&#8221; Ideologjia \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb koncept ku ekzistenca e saj \u00ebsht\u00eb paralele m\u00eb<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6754,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7117","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-letersi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=7117"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7117\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7118,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7117\/revisions\/7118"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6754"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=7117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=7117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=7117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}