{"id":6268,"date":"2016-10-13T21:28:47","date_gmt":"2016-10-13T21:28:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=6268"},"modified":"2016-10-13T21:28:47","modified_gmt":"2016-10-13T21:28:47","slug":"amerikani-apo-frengu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=6268","title":{"rendered":"AMERIKANI APO FR\u00cbNGU?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dr. Ernest \u00a0Nasto<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"ernest-nasto\"<\/a>\u00a0<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Koh\u00ebt e fundit m\u00eb ra n\u00eb dor\u00eb nj\u00eb studim rreth tipareve t\u00eb dy revolucioneve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb fundshekullit XVIII t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb kusht\u00ebzuar fort krejt historin\u00eb e m\u00ebvonshme, pra amerikanit dhe francezit. E ve\u00e7anta e studimit \u00ebsht\u00eb af\u00ebrsia e madhe me ngjarjet aktuale, sepse \u00ebshte botuar n\u00eb vitin 1800 n\u00eb Berlin, dhe ka p\u00ebr autor nj\u00eb analist t\u00eb shquar politik gjerman (ose m\u00eb mir\u00eb prusian), Friedrich von Gentz. Nd\u00ebrsa publikut amerikan studimi i \u00ebsht\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb p\u00ebrkthimin e John Quincy Adams, biri i presidentit t\u00eb dyt\u00eb, dhe i cili do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej vet\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb presidenti i gjasht\u00eb i Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara.<\/p>\n

\u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb analiz\u00eb e p\u00ebrq\u00ebndruar n\u00eb konceptet e ligjshm\u00ebris\u00eb e t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs, nj\u00eb qasje disi e ndryshme nga ajo mbizot\u00ebruese n\u00eb historiografin\u00eb lindore, pra edhe n\u00eb at\u00eb me t\u00eb cil\u00ebn jemi m\u00ebsuar ne shqiptar\u00ebt, dhe e cila vinte n\u00eb plan t\u00eb par\u00eb ”rolin e masave”, p\u00ebrmbysjen n\u00eb vetvete, pa u kujdesur p\u00ebr gj\u00ebra ”t\u00eb vogla” si e drejta apo ligjshm\u00ebria. Sa p\u00ebr dhun\u00ebn, gjakun e viktimat e shkaktuara, ato ishin kurdoher\u00eb n\u00eb funksion t\u00eb q\u00ebllimit t\u00eb lart\u00eb.<\/p>\n

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Ngjashm\u00ebria n\u00eb sip\u00ebrfaqe nd\u00ebrmjet dy revolucioneve duket n\u00eb fakt krejt e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, sidomos po t\u00eb nisemi nga parullat e francezit (liri, barazi, v\u00ebllaz\u00ebrim) t\u00eb cilat t\u00eb kujtonin automatikisht ato t\u00eb amerikanit 13 vite t\u00eb shkuara (”t\u00eb gjith\u00eb njer\u00ebzit jan\u00eb krijuar t\u00eb barabart\u00eb…t\u00eb drejtat themelore… jeta, liria e k\u00ebrkimi i lumturis\u00eb”). Kjo nuk ishte e rastit p\u00ebr vet\u00eb faktin se t\u00eb dy k\u00ebto ngjarje madhore u frym\u00ebzuan nga ideologjia iluministe europiane, por duket se ngjashm\u00ebria nuk shtyhet dot m\u00eb tutje. Kjo sepse revolucioni amerikan n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha fazat e tij u mb\u00ebshtet tek e drejta, nd\u00ebrsa francezi e shkeli at\u00eb hapur, duke sjell\u00eb me vete arbitraritet dhe dhun\u00eb t\u00eb pashembullt. Ndryshimet midis tyre autori i analizon sidomos n\u00eb tre aspekte: n\u00eb origjin\u00ebn dhe vijueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e sejcilit, n\u00eb objektivat e v\u00ebna vetes, dhe n\u00eb mas\u00ebn e rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb ngjallur prej secil\u00ebs p\u00ebrmbysje.<\/p>\n

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S\u00eb pari<\/u>, karakteristik\u00eb e dukshme e revolt\u00ebs s\u00eb kolonive amerikane ishte gradualiteti, me k\u00ebrkimin n\u00eb \u00e7do hap vet\u00ebm t\u00eb ndryshimeve t\u00eb vogla, aspak rr\u00ebnj\u00ebsore, t\u00eb cilat, dhe kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb e r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishmja, ishin t\u00eb bazuara n\u00eb kuadrin egzistues ligjor. Vet\u00eb tipi i organizimit t\u00eb administratave koloniale e leht\u00ebsonte nj\u00eb gj\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb, sepse p\u00ebrve\u00e7 nj\u00eb lidhjeje simbolike me kuror\u00ebn britanike n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet guvernator\u00ebve mbret\u00ebrore, kolonist\u00ebt g\u00ebzonin n\u00eb praktik\u00eb nj\u00eb vet\u00ebqeverisje t\u00eb plot\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet asambleve p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse. Britania ishte e k\u00ebnaqur me monopolin e tregtis\u00eb, pra me detyrimin e kolonive q\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha shk\u00ebmbimet tregtare t’i kryenin me tok\u00ebn m\u00ebm\u00eb. Kjo gjendje doli nga pika e ekuilibrit vet\u00ebm nga fakti q\u00eb parlamenti anglez donte t\u00eb siguronte t\u00eb ardhura shtes\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbushur arkat e zbrazura nga lufta 7 vje\u00e7are me francez\u00ebt dhe indian\u00ebt vendas. Kriza financiare e shkaktuar nga ajo luft\u00eb (French and Indian War<\/em>, e cila konsolidoi gjithashtu n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb t\u00eb madhe nd\u00ebrgjegjen politike t\u00eb kolonive) u b\u00eb k\u00ebsisoj fillimi i spirales q\u00eb \u00e7oi n\u00eb shk\u00ebputjen e amerikan\u00ebve n\u00eb krye t\u00eb nj\u00eb dekade.<\/p>\n

Vendimi i parlamentit m\u00eb 1765 p\u00ebr t\u00eb vjel\u00eb taks\u00ebn mbi shtypshkrimet (stamp duty<\/em> ose stamp tax<\/em>) nuk mb\u00ebshtetej n\u00eb ligjet apo praktikat e deriat\u00ebhershme, sepse kolonit\u00eb nuk i kishin paguar kurr\u00eb ndonj\u00eb kontribut Londr\u00ebs. Kjo ishte n\u00eb zbatim t\u00eb vet\u00eb parimit kushtetues anglez se asnj\u00eb qytetar s’mund t\u00eb detyrohej t\u00eb paguante tatime e taksa, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 atyre t\u00eb miratuara nga p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsuesit e tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb kuptim kolonist\u00ebt ishin v\u00ebrtet qytetar\u00eb t\u00eb perandoris\u00eb, por nga ana tjet\u00ebr ata s’kishin p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsues t\u00eb tyre n\u00eb parlament, dhe taksa rezultonte k\u00ebsisoj e paligjshme. P\u00ebr m\u00eb tep\u00ebr, monopoli tregtar q\u00eb p\u00ebrmend\u00ebm p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte n\u00eb vetvete nj\u00eb kontribut tep\u00ebr t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb kolonive p\u00ebr financat britanike, dhe nj\u00eb kontribut p\u00ebr t\u00eb cilin askush s\u2019kishte shprehur ndonj\u00eb pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi.<\/p>\n

Prandaj edhe kund\u00ebrshtimet e kolonist\u00ebve ndaj stamp tax<\/em> e pastaj m\u00eb von\u00eb ndaj p\u00ebrpjekjeve t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb parlamentit p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar vullnetin e tij, ishin t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetura n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e tyre si qytetar\u00eb britanik\u00eb, dhe n\u00eb dispozitat ligjore egzistuese.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi mund t\u00eb thuhet se nj\u00eb s\u00ebr\u00eb gabimesh e teprimesh, sidomos nga ana e parlamentit, \u00e7uan n\u00eb situat\u00ebn e pakthyeshme t\u00eb korrikut 1776, dhe Kongresi i kolonive, me shpalljen e Deklarat\u00ebs fam\u00ebmadhe t\u00eb Pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb, vet\u00ebm sa formalizoi at\u00eb q\u00eb Anglia e kishte b\u00ebr\u00eb n\u00eb fakt n\u00eb praktik\u00eb, pra konsiderimin e kolonive si fuqi t\u00eb huaja n\u00eb gjendje lufte. Bile edhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekjen e fundit p\u00ebr pajtim kolonist\u00ebt i k\u00ebrkonin mbretit George III t\u00eb ndreqte gabimet q\u00eb kish b\u00ebr\u00eb ndaj shtetasve t\u00eb tij besnik\u00eb n\u00eb bregun Per\u00ebndimor t\u00eb Atlantikut, e t\u00eb evitonte k\u00ebsisoj ndarjen e tyre nga dheu m\u00ebm\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Revolucioni amerikan rezulton k\u00ebshtu krejt mbrojt\u00ebs, nj\u00eb revolucion i detyruar si t\u00eb thuash ”nga halli”, dhe ishte vet\u00ebm arroganca angleze ajo q\u00eb precipitoi ngjarjet ashtu si edhe rrodh\u00ebn. Amerikan\u00ebt kishin rezistuar n\u00eb fakt p\u00ebr m\u00eb se dhjet\u00eb vjet, jo ndaj Anglis\u00eb, por ndaj vet\u00eb revolucionit, ata nuk k\u00ebrkonin ndonj\u00eb p\u00ebrmir\u00ebsim t\u00eb gjendjes s\u00eb tyre egzistuese, por vet\u00ebm parandalimin e keq\u00ebsimit t\u00eb saj si\u00e7 dukej se do t\u00eb ndodhte nga veprimet e parlamentit anglez.<\/p>\n

Krejt i ndrysh\u00ebm paraqitet n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt revolucioni francez, i cili ishte nj\u00eb revolucion ofensiv n\u00eb \u00e7do faz\u00eb t\u00eb tij, gjat\u00eb t\u00eb cilit s’u diskutua kurr\u00eb n\u00ebse veprimet e revolucionar\u00ebve ishin t\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetura n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn apo n\u00eb ligjshm\u00ebrin\u00eb. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00eb fillim, kur P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsit\u00eb e P\u00ebrgjithshme u mblodh\u00ebn n\u00eb Versaj\u00eb n\u00eb maj 1789, deputet\u00ebt ishin pa asnj\u00eb dyshim n\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmerrnin reforma t\u00eb thella n\u00eb lidhje me organizimin politik t\u00eb vendit, bile edhe n\u00eb lidhje me vet\u00eb pozit\u00ebn e monarkis\u00eb fr\u00ebnge. Por kjo e drejt\u00eb mund t\u00eb kishte kuptim e t\u00eb ushtrohej vet\u00ebm me tre kushte: 1. organizimi i tyre formal, pra i vet\u00eb P\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsive t\u00eb P\u00ebrgjithshme duhej ruajtur e respektuar me \u00e7do kusht, derisa ai organizim t\u00eb ndryshohej, apo edhe t\u00eb shfuqizohej, me ligj; 2. vendimet e tyre duhej t\u00eb hynin n\u00eb fuqi vet\u00ebm me miratimin e mbretit; dhe 3. deputet\u00ebt duhej t\u00eb zbatonin udh\u00ebzimet e zgjedh\u00ebsve t\u00eb tyre, pra t’u q\u00ebndronin besnik\u00eb arsyeve se p\u00ebrse ata ishin zgjedhur e ishin d\u00ebrguar n\u00eb Versaj\u00eb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebr fat t\u00eb keq, brenda gjasht\u00eb jav\u00ebve t\u00eb para t\u00eb punimeve, t\u00eb tre k\u00ebto kushte ishin shkelur, dhe arbitrariteti kish filluar marshimin e tij t\u00eb pandalsh\u00ebm q\u00eb do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfundonte n\u00eb nj\u00eb det gjaku. K\u00ebshtu deputet\u00ebt e rendit t\u00eb tret\u00eb, pa as m\u00eb t\u00eb vogl\u00ebn t\u00eb drejt\u00eb ligjore, shpall\u00ebn veten e tyre asamble komb\u00ebtare, e pastaj, kur sovrani u p\u00ebrpoq t’i kthente nga rruga pa krye ku ishin futur, ata refuzuan t’i bindeshin, duke e detyruar m\u00eb n\u00eb fund t\u00eb urdh\u00ebronte dy rendet e tjera t\u00eb miratonin k\u00ebt\u00eb uzurpim t\u00eb hapur. Ata deklaruan edhe se udh\u00ebzimet e zgjedh\u00ebsve s’do t\u00eb kishin asnj\u00eb ndikim mbi ta, dhe shpall\u00ebn se do t\u00eb flisnin ”n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb popullit” pavar\u00ebsisht se askush s’i kishte autorizuar t\u00eb vepronin ashtu. Dhe p\u00ebr t’i v\u00ebn\u00eb vul\u00ebn gjith\u00eb k\u00ebsaj, e quajtura asamble nuk e d\u00ebnoi aspak kryengritjen e dhunshme t\u00eb 14 korrikut n\u00eb Paris e m\u00eb tej n\u00eb gjith\u00eb vendin, p\u00ebrkundrazi e duartrokiti, e inkurajoi dhe i dha edhe mb\u00ebshtetje ligjore.<\/p>\n

N\u00ebse revolucioni amerikan p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte pra nj\u00eb shembull t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbajtjes e t\u00eb maturis\u00eb, francezi u karakterizua nga dhuna e furia e paepur, dhe p\u00ebrball\u00eb rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb dob\u00ebt t\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtar\u00ebve, ai nuk e uli vrullin dhe agresivitetin e tij, p\u00ebrkundrazi erdhi duke e shtuar gjithmon\u00eb e m\u00eb tep\u00ebr. Duke p\u00ebrfituar nga personaliteti i mbretit Luigji XVI, nga vullneti i tij p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos p\u00ebrdorur forc\u00ebn, e p\u00ebr t\u00eb mos u shnd\u00ebrruar n\u00eb tiran, revolucionar\u00ebt e b\u00ebn\u00eb at\u00eb vet\u00eb viktim\u00eb t\u00eb tiranis\u00eb s\u00eb tyre, duke pasur ndershm\u00ebrin\u00eb e tij si aleaten e tyre m\u00eb t\u00eb fort\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Ky karakter agresiv i revolucionit u d\u00ebshmua edhe me mosndaljen e tij para \u00e7do krimi, e pastaj kur s’pati m\u00eb objekte ku ta p\u00ebrplaste furin\u00eb, me kthimin kund\u00ebr vetvetes e kund\u00ebr vendeve t\u00eb tjera, duke zhytur n\u00eb kaos t\u00eb gjith\u00eb kontinentin. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Edhe kuror\u00ebzimet e t\u00eb dy ngjarjeve ishin gjithaq t\u00eb ndryshme, sepse revolucioni amerikan mbaroi n\u00eb \u00e7astin kur k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimi ndaj tij, k\u00ebrc\u00ebnimi q\u00eb e kish detyruar t\u00eb fillonte, mori fund, por francezi vazhdoi e vazhdoi, sa koh\u00eb q\u00eb kishte ende objekte p\u00ebr t\u2019u sulmuar e p\u00ebr t’u b\u00ebr\u00eb pre e atij vrulli t\u00eb pap\u00ebrmbajtur.<\/p>\n

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S\u00eb dyti<\/u>, nj\u00eb tipar tjet\u00ebr themelor i revolucionit amerikan ishin objektivat e p\u00ebrcaktuara qart\u00eb n\u00eb \u00e7do faz\u00eb t\u00eb tij, dhe vet\u00eb zhvillimi i ngjarjeve ishte pak a shum\u00eb nj\u00eb vij\u00eb e drejt\u00eb, me synimin tek ato objektiva. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 N\u00eb faz\u00ebn e tij t\u00eb par\u00eb, prej ligjit p\u00ebr stamp tax<\/em> m\u00eb 1765 deri n\u00eb shpalljen e 4 korrikut 1776, mund t\u00eb thuhet se objektivi i qytetar\u00ebve anemban\u00eb kolonive, e m\u00eb von\u00eb objektivi i Kongresit, s’ishte ve\u00e7se ruajtja e statukuos\u00eb, pra e t\u00eb drejtave dhe lirive t\u00eb gezuara deri at\u00ebher\u00eb, nga p\u00ebrpjekja antikushtetuese e parlamentit britanik p\u00ebr t’i uzurpuar ato.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb faz\u00ebn e dyt\u00eb, prej shpalljes s\u00eb pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb deri n\u00eb arritjen e paqes me Britanin\u00eb m\u00eb 1783, v\u00ebrtet kolonit\u00eb ishin ligj\u00ebrisht t\u00eb ndara nga perandoria, por kjo nuk u shoq\u00ebrua me ndonj\u00eb rr\u00ebmuj\u00eb apo anarki, sepse administrata e vazhdoi pun\u00ebn e saj. Guvernator\u00ebt e em\u00ebruar dikur nga mbreti vet\u00ebm sa u hoq\u00ebn, duke u z\u00ebvend\u00ebsuar me t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhur nga asamblet\u00eb p\u00ebrkat\u00ebse t\u00eb kolonive. Ky z\u00ebvend\u00ebsim b\u00ebhej edhe m\u00eb i leht\u00eb po t\u00eb mbajm\u00eb parasysh lidhjet e pakta t\u00eb guvernator\u00ebve mbret\u00ebror\u00eb, e t\u00eb kolonive n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi, me Anglin\u00eb, dhe ashtu njer\u00ebzit nuk konstatuan ndryshime t\u00eb m\u00ebdha n\u00eb jet\u00ebn e tyre t\u00eb p\u00ebrditshme. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Merita m\u00eb e konsiderueshme e udh\u00ebheq\u00ebsve t\u00eb revolucionit amerikan n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb ishte se, duke pasur objektiva t\u00eb qarta, dhe si\u00e7 tham\u00eb, mbrojt\u00ebse, ata u treguan t\u00eb aft\u00eb t’i rezistonin tundimit m\u00eb t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm t\u00eb \u00e7do p\u00ebrmbysjeje revolucionare: pasionit vdekjeprur\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb eksperimente politike me teori abstrakte, apo me sisteme t\u00eb paprovuara n\u00eb praktik\u00eb (provat e m\u00ebvonshme p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb pas fr\u00ebngut erdh\u00ebn n\u00eb format tragjike t\u00eb rusit, kinezit e krejt episodit fam\u00ebkeq t\u00eb komunizmit lindor). \u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb q\u00eb fjal\u00ebt e p\u00ebrgjithshme p\u00ebr lirin\u00eb e barazin\u00eb n\u00eb deklarat\u00ebn e pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb amerikane ishin t\u00eb ngjashme me parullat e revolucionit francez, por ndryshimi ishte se amerikani s’i p\u00ebrdori kurr\u00eb ato p\u00ebr t\u00eb shkelur t\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb e ndokujt, si\u00e7 ndodhi r\u00ebndom me siv\u00ebllane e tij n\u00eb Bot\u00ebn e Vjet\u00ebr. N\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn m\u00ebnyr\u00eb edhe lufta revolucionare n\u00eb Amerik\u00eb ishte e matur, n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi pa teprime, dhe dihej q\u00eb fitorja e kujtdo pale qoft\u00eb, nuk do t\u00eb sillte ndonj\u00eb p\u00ebrmbysje t\u00eb madhe t\u00eb raporteve n\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb amerikane, aq m\u00eb pak n\u00eb Europ\u00eb. K\u00ebsisoj pas luft\u00ebs republika e re hyri menj\u00ebher\u00eb n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie paq\u00ebsore e me leverdi t\u00eb nd\u00ebrsjellt\u00eb me fuqit\u00eb europiane, bile edhe me vet\u00eb Anglin\u00eb, ashtu si u ka hije pal\u00ebve t\u00eb qytet\u00ebruara e fisnike.<\/p>\n

Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, si q\u00ebllimet ashtu edhe vijimi i francezit ishin nj\u00eb seri goditjesh t\u00eb pand\u00ebrprera ndaj \u00e7do ligjshm\u00ebrie, dhe e v\u00ebrteta \u00ebsht\u00eb se me hedhjen posht\u00eb t\u00eb rendit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr kushtetues, revolucioni fitoi p\u00ebrkrah\u00ebs t\u00eb shumt\u00eb, t\u00eb cil\u00ebt t\u00eb gjith\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin ndryshime. Mir\u00ebpo n\u00eb mes t\u00eb asaj katrahure nuk gjendeshin dy veta q\u00eb t\u00eb ishin dakord se \u00e7far\u00eb ndryshimesh pik\u00ebrisht duheshin b\u00ebr\u00eb, sa larg duhej t\u00eb shkonin ato, n\u00ebse duhej ruajtur ndonj\u00eb aspekt i rendit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, e n\u00ebse po, n\u00eb \u00e7\u2019mas\u00eb. Kushtetuta e vitit 1791 ishte k\u00ebtu nj\u00eb p\u00ebrpjekje p\u00ebr t\u00eb pajtuar t\u00eb papajtueshmet, prandaj ishte e destinuar t\u00eb d\u00ebshtonte ashtu si\u00e7 edhe d\u00ebshtoi. E vetmja parti q\u00eb erdhi duke i forcuar pozitat n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb vazhdueshme, ishin ata q\u00eb thoshin se s\u2019kish asnj\u00eb kuptim t\u2019i viheshin kufij revolucionit, apo t\u00eb frenohej vrulli i p\u00ebrmbysjes. Ata arrit\u00ebn ta shpallin republik\u00ebn, por askush nuk e kishte iden\u00eb se \u00e7far\u00eb duhej t\u00eb ishte ajo, e prandaj Franca u mbyt n\u00eb gjak vet\u00ebm e vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr t\u00eb vendosur n\u00ebse do t\u00eb ishin federalist\u00ebt, jakobin\u00ebt, zhirondin\u00ebt, dantonian\u00ebt, hebertist\u00ebt, apo dhjet\u00ebrat e -ist\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb ata q\u00eb do t\u00eb hartonin kushtetut\u00ebn republikane.<\/p>\n

Kjo u shfaq edhe n\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebniet me fuqit\u00eb e tjera europiane, sepse kur plasi lufta me to, synimi francez ishte po aq i pacaktuar sa ai i vet\u00eb revolucionit t\u00eb tyre. Disa, si p.sh. Robespieri, d\u00ebshironin thjesht t\u00eb ruanin t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr t\u00eb masakruar vet\u00ebm vendin e tyre, pa u b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb merak p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt, pra t\u2019ja shfarosnin gjysm\u00ebn e popullsis\u00eb vet\u00ebm Franc\u00ebs fatkeqe. Nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb tjet\u00ebr ishin ata q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonin t\u00eb realizonin planet ambicioze t\u00eb monarkis\u00eb s\u00eb dikurshme t\u00eb Luigjit XIV p\u00ebr sundim kontinental, vet\u00ebm se k\u00ebt\u00eb her\u00eb n\u00ebn flamurin e republik\u00ebs. T\u00eb tjer\u00eb akoma ishin betuar t\u00eb mos i l\u00ebshonin arm\u00ebt derisa parimet e revolucionit t\u00eb mos ishin shtrir\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb gjith\u00eb bot\u00ebn e qytet\u00ebruar, e derisa t\u00eb mos e kishin mbjell\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjakur\u00ebn ”pem\u00eb t\u00eb liris\u00eb” prej Lisbon\u00ebs n\u00eb Dardanele, e prej Mesdheut deri n\u00eb Detin e Veriut. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Duke l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb hapur pyetjen se kush kishte t\u00eb drejt\u00eb ta fillonte revolucionin, ata lan\u00eb po aq t\u00eb hapur edhe at\u00eb se kush kishte t\u00eb drejt\u00eb ta mbaronte, dhe k\u00ebt\u00eb si\u00e7 e dim\u00eb e b\u00ebri p\u00ebrs\u00ebri forca, me Napoleonin e m\u00eb pas me Restaurimin.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

S\u00eb treti<\/u>, edhe nga masa e rezistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb ndeshur, pra nga masa e p\u00ebshtjellimit t\u00eb krijuar, t\u00eb dy revolucionet s\u2019mund t\u00eb ishin m\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, me amerikanin q\u00eb i pati k\u00ebto shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb pakta se francezi, e prandaj mundi ta konsolidonte veten shum\u00eb m\u00eb leht\u00eb e shum\u00eb m\u00eb thjesht. Fr\u00ebngu nga ana e vet vuri n\u00eb pik\u00ebpyetje dhe l\u00ebshoi pa kontroll \u00e7do ndjenj\u00eb e \u00e7do pasion njer\u00ebzor, e p\u00ebr rrjedhoj\u00eb s\u2019mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrparonte p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se me dhun\u00eb t\u00eb skajshme. Po ritheksojm\u00eb k\u00ebtu se kolonit\u00eb amerikane ishin organizime politike t\u00eb stabilizuara dhe pothuaj t\u00eb vet\u00ebqeverisura, me autoritetin britanik m\u00eb tep\u00ebr n\u00eb rolin e nj\u00eb mbrojt\u00ebsi t\u00eb fuqish\u00ebm, se sa t\u00eb nj\u00eb sundimtari t\u00eb drejtp\u00ebrdrejt\u00eb. Prandaj edhe revolucioni i tyre ngjante m\u00eb tep\u00ebr me nj\u00eb konflikt mes vendesh t\u00eb ndryshme, se sa me nj\u00eb luft\u00eb civile. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Po ashtu popullsia e kolonive karakterizohej n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi edhe nga nj\u00eb ndjenj\u00eb e fort\u00eb besimi n\u00eb drejt\u00ebsine e kauz\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre, nd\u00ebrsa pala p\u00ebrball\u00eb, administrata mbreterore dhe trupat e pakta britanike, ishte e pafuqishme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb rezistenc\u00eb t\u00eb ashp\u00ebr. Vet\u00eb ky fakt i paaft\u00ebsis\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb t\u00eb rreziksh\u00ebm i mbrojti ata nga intoleranca e bashkatdhetar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre. Edhe ndryshimet nd\u00ebrmjet shtresave t\u00eb popullsise koloniale tham\u00eb se s’ishin fort t\u00eb theksuara asokohe, dhe vinin kryesisht p\u00ebr shkak t\u00eb ushtrimit t\u00eb detyrave publike, e n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt revolucioni vet\u00ebm sa hoqi si t\u00eb thuash an\u00ebn shtyp\u00ebse t\u00eb sistemit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr, duke ja l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb paprekura an\u00ebt pozitive. Merita e madhe e amerikan\u00ebve ishte pra ajo q\u00eb ata mund\u00ebn ta kufizonin veten edhe brenda kuadrit t\u00eb s\u00eb drejt\u00ebs, edhe brenda vet\u00eb natyr\u00ebs s\u00eb gj\u00ebrave.<\/p>\n

E kund\u00ebrt u paraqit pamja n\u00eb Franc\u00eb ku k\u00ebto u shkel\u00ebn fort e n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb hapur, dhe ku revolta nuk u mjaftua me shkat\u00ebrrimin e rendit t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr kushtetues, por vuri n\u00eb sh\u00ebnjest\u00ebr (figurativisht e praktikisht) gjithk\u00ebnd q\u00eb kishte sadopak prona apo privilegje, gjithk\u00ebnd q\u00eb kishte di\u00e7ka p\u00ebr t\u00eb humbur. Kjo \u00e7oi detyrimisht n\u00eb nj\u00eb mas\u00eb rezistence mjaft t\u00eb fuqishme, q\u00eb s’mund t\u00eb shtrohej me mjete t\u00eb zakonshme, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 se me funksionimin e pand\u00ebrprer\u00eb t\u00eb gijotin\u00ebs, t\u00eb shpat\u00ebs e t\u00eb pushk\u00ebs. Krimi i vet\u00ebm i viktimave t\u00eb nj\u00eb dhune t\u00eb till\u00eb ishte refuzimi p\u00ebr t’iu bashkuar ortekut q\u00eb po i shtypte, p\u00ebr t’u entuziazmuar nga vrulli me t\u00eb cilin ata vet\u00eb po shkat\u00ebrroheshin. K\u00ebsisoj \u00e7dokush q\u00eb nuk e p\u00ebrkrahu me g\u00ebzim stuhin\u00eb revolucionare, u trajtua sakaq si armik, e q\u00eb s\u2019mund t\u00eb meritonte tjet\u00ebr ve\u00e7 nd\u00ebshkimit suprem.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

P\u00ebr t\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto autori konkludon se m\u00eb tep\u00ebr se ngjashm\u00ebri, krahasimi tregon nj\u00eb kontrast t\u00eb thell\u00eb nd\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebtyre dy ngjarjeve madhore t\u00eb shekullit zulm\u00ebmadh XVIII. Dhe tronditjet q\u00eb pasuan m\u00eb von\u00eb, me dhun\u00ebn kataklizmike t\u00eb revolucioneve t\u00eb frym\u00ebzuara prej francezit, i kan\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht t\u00eb drejt\u00eb nj\u00eb analize t\u00eb till\u00eb.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Ernest \u00a0Nasto \u00a0 Koh\u00ebt e fundit m\u00eb ra n\u00eb dor\u00eb nj\u00eb studim rreth tipareve t\u00eb dy revolucioneve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb fundshekullit XVIII t\u00eb cilat kan\u00eb kusht\u00ebzuar fort krejt historin\u00eb e m\u00ebvonshme, pra amerikanit dhe francezit.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":6269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6268","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-publicistike"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6268","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6268"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6268\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6270,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6268\/revisions\/6270"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/6269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6268"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6268"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6268"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}