{"id":5136,"date":"2015-05-10T23:52:05","date_gmt":"2015-05-10T23:52:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=5136"},"modified":"2015-05-10T23:52:05","modified_gmt":"2015-05-10T23:52:05","slug":"shqiperia-vendi-ku-injorohen-kufijte-kushtetues-mbi-pushtetin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/?p=5136","title":{"rendered":"Shqip\u00ebria, vendi ku injorohen kufijt\u00eb kushtetues mbi pushtetin"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Nga Kasem Seferi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>(<em>Padegog, ish keshilltar per ekonomine i Presidentit te Shqiperise)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>James Madison, ambasador n\u00eb Paris dhe m\u00eb pas ish President i SHBA q\u00eb nga ajo do t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb dukje se \u201cDemokracit\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb spektakle t\u00eb turbullir\u00ebs dhe grindjes; kan\u00eb qen\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrputhshme <!--more-->me sigurin\u00eb personale ose t\u00eb drejtat e pron\u00ebsis\u00eb; dhe n\u00eb p\u00ebrgjith\u00ebsi jan\u00eb t\u00eb shkurtra n\u00eb jet\u00ebt e tyre aq sa ato jan\u00eb t\u00eb dhunshme n\u00eb vdekjen e tyre.\u201d. Nd\u00ebrsa Thomas Jefferson, do theksonte se \u201cN\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtjet e pushtetit, mos lejoni t\u00eb d\u00ebgjohet m\u00eb n\u00eb lidhje me besimin te njeriu, por lidheni at\u00eb mir\u00eb nga t\u00eb k\u00ebqiat me an\u00eb t\u00eb zinxhir\u00ebve t\u00eb kushtetut\u00ebs.\u201d. Dhe ka vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb arsye sepse \u201cMerita e Kushtetut\u00ebs \u2026 \u00ebsht\u00eb jo se ajo promovon demokracin\u00eb, por se e kontrollon at\u00eb.\u201d, do t\u00eb sqaronte m\u00eb tej Horatio Seymour. Regjimet demokratik\u00eb t\u00eb zgjedhur n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb demokratike n\u00eb vendet n\u00eb tranzicion, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb rutin\u00eb, kan\u00eb d\u00ebshmuar se i injorojn\u00eb kufijt\u00eb kushtetues mbi pushtetin e tyre, duke ia privuar qytetar\u00ebve t\u00eb tyre t\u00eb drejtat dhe lirit\u00eb baz\u00eb. P\u00ebr pothuaj se nj\u00eb shekull, n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, demokracia ka n\u00ebnkuptuar demokracin\u00eb liberale \u2013 nj\u00eb sistem politik i dalluar jo vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nga zgjedhjet e lira dhe t\u00eb ndershme, por gjithashtu nga sundimi i ligjit, ndarja e pushteteve dhe mbrojtja e lirive baz\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs, tubimit, fes\u00eb dhe pasuris\u00eb; sot, fijet e demokracis\u00eb liberale, t\u00eb mpleksura n\u00eb fabrik\u00ebn politike t\u00eb Per\u00ebndimit, jan\u00eb duke ardhur ve\u00e7as n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, ku demokracia nuk po lul\u00ebzon. Natyrisht spektri i demokracis\u00eb iliberale n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsohet nga shkeljet e lirive dhe t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave baz\u00eb: zgjdhjet, rall\u00eb, kan\u00eb qen\u00eb aq t\u00eb lira dhe t\u00eb ndershme sa n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, edhe pse ato kan\u00eb pasqyruar realitetin e pjes\u00ebmarrjes popullore n\u00eb politik\u00eb dhe mb\u00ebshtetjen p\u00ebr t\u00eb zgjedhurit. V\u00ebzhgimi i Freedom House n\u00eb vitet 1996 \u2013 1997, \u201cLiria n\u00eb Bot\u00eb\u201d, ka radhitje m\u00eb vete p\u00ebr lirit\u00eb politike dhe lirit\u00eb civile, q\u00eb respektivisht, n\u00eb dor\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb, korespondojn\u00eb me demokracin\u00eb dhe liberalizmin kushtetues; me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, sot, gjysma e vendeve \u201ct\u00eb demokratizuara\u201d n\u00eb bot\u00eb jan\u00eb demokraci iliberale; demokracia iliberale \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb industri n\u00eb rritje dhe deri m\u00eb sot pak demokraci iliberale jan\u00eb pjekur n\u00eb demokraci t\u00eb v\u00ebrteta; larg prej t\u00eb qenit nj\u00eb faz\u00eb e p\u00ebkoh\u00ebshme ose tranzitore, duket se shum\u00eb vende jan\u00eb duke zgjedhur nj\u00eb form\u00eb qeverisje, q\u00eb p\u00ebrzien nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb me nj\u00eb shkall\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme t\u00eb iliberalizmit. Zgjedhjet e hapura, t\u00eb lira dhe t\u00eb ndershme n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri nuk kan\u00eb qen\u00eb thelbi i demokracis\u00eb, ose sine qua non i pashmangsh\u00ebm, p\u00ebr arsye se qeverit\u00eb e dala nga zgjedhjet e deritanishme kan\u00eb qen\u00eb inefi\u00e7ente, t\u00eb korruptuara, drit\u00ebshkurt\u00ebra, t\u00eb pap\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebshme dhe, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, t\u00eb dominuara nga interesa t\u00eb ve\u00e7anta, duke treguar k\u00ebsisoj paaft\u00ebsi p\u00ebr t\u00eb adoptuar politikat q\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte dhe k\u00ebrkon e mira publike. T\u00eb kesh demokraci, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb subjektive, nuk n\u00ebnkupton \u201cnj\u00eb qeveri t\u00eb mir\u00eb\u201d q\u00eb, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb analitike, e kthen at\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb padobishme. Shum\u00eb prej vendeve t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Juglindore, n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb suksesshme, kan\u00eb l\u00ebvizuar nga komunizmi n\u00eb demokracin\u00eb iliberale, duke shkuar p\u00ebrmes s\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs faz\u00eb t\u00eb liberalizimit pa demokraci, ashtu sikund\u00ebr b\u00ebn\u00eb vendet e tjera europiane gjat\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 19 \u2013 t\u00eb. Tendenca e qeverive q\u00eb kan\u00eb besuar dhe besojn\u00eb se kan\u00eb sovranitetin (pra pushtetin) absolut n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri, ka rezultuar n\u00eb qend\u00ebrsimin e autoritetit, shpesh, me mjete ekstrakushtetuese dhe me rezultate q\u00eb nuk jan\u00eb mir\u00ebpritur n\u00eb publik; gjat\u00eb dekad\u00ebs s\u00eb fundit, qeverit\u00eb e zgjedhura, q\u00eb kan\u00eb pretenduar se p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb njer\u00ebzit, vazhdimisht i kan\u00eb c\u00ebnuar t\u00eb drejtat dhe pushtetet e element\u00ebve t\u00eb tjer\u00eb n\u00eb shoq\u00ebri, nj\u00eb uzurpim ky q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb si horizontal (nga deg\u00eb t\u00eb tjera t\u00eb qeveris\u00eb qendrore) ashtu dhe vertikal (nga autoritetet rajonale dhe vendore si dhe bizneset private dhe grupet e tjera joqeveritare). Zakonisht, uzurpimi horizontal \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i duksh\u00ebm, por uzurpimi vertikal \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb i p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt; qeverit\u00eb q\u00eb jan\u00eb dukur si legjitime, e kan\u00eb mbajtur rendin dhe kan\u00eb ndjekur politika t\u00eb ashpra me an\u00eb t\u00eb ngritjes s\u00eb koalicioneve (PD \u2013 LSI, PS \u2013 LSI), duke b\u00ebr\u00eb q\u00eb qend\u00ebrsimi i pakontrolluar t\u00eb b\u00ebhet armik i demokracis\u00eb liberale. Konstitucionalizmi, sikund\u00ebr u kuptua ai nga eksponent\u00ebt m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb shekullit t\u00eb 18 \u2013 t\u00eb: Montesquieu dhe Madison, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb sistem i komplikuar i kontrolleve dhe balancimeve (checks and balances), i hartuar p\u00ebr t\u00eb parandaluar grumbullimin e pushtetit dhe abuzimin me detyr\u00ebn. Kjo nuk b\u00ebhet thjesht duke shkruajtur nj\u00eb list\u00eb t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave por me nd\u00ebrtimin e nj\u00eb sistemi n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin qeveria nuk do t\u2019i dhunoj\u00eb ato t\u00eb drejta.<\/p>\n<p>Tre jan\u00eb veprimet kryesore q\u00eb kan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur politikan\u00ebt n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri p\u00ebr t\u00eb siguruar p\u00ebrfitime n\u00eb kurriz t\u00eb qytetar\u00ebve: marrjen e vendimeve duke i devijuar ato nga preferencat e votuesve. P\u00ebr shembull, politikan\u00ebt, sistematikisht, kan\u00eb preferuar nd\u00ebrhyrjet direkte n\u00eb ekonomi q\u00eb, zakonisht, i kan\u00eb lejuar ata t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitojn\u00eb pagesa shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha (p\u00ebr shembull, rasti i dh\u00ebnies s\u00eb kon\u00e7ensioneve); t\u2019i sigurojn\u00eb vetes s\u00eb tyre privilegje t\u00eb gj\u00ebra n\u00eb form\u00ebn e t\u00eb ardhurave direkte p\u00ebr veten e tyre ose partit\u00eb e tyre, pensione, etj); korrupsioni (p\u00ebr shembull, pagesat direkte q\u00eb marrin p\u00ebr sh\u00ebrbimet e ve\u00e7anta q\u00eb u sigurojn\u00eb atyre q\u00eb i paguajn\u00eb). Kartelet politike n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri tashm\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsojn\u00eb grupe politikan\u00ebsh t\u00eb lidhur, t\u00eb ndar\u00eb nga pjesa tjet\u00ebr e popullsis\u00eb, q\u00eb kan\u00eb kryesisht kontakte me nj\u00ebri \u2013 tjetrin dhe, mosmiratimi i veprimeve t\u00eb atyre pak q\u00eb guxojn\u00eb t\u00eb thyejn\u00eb rregullat e kartelit, ka kosto madhore mbi \u201cdezertor\u00ebt\u201d; karteli administrohet nga lider\u00ebt e partive dhe politikan\u00ebt dezertues nd\u00ebshkohen shpejt dhe n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb efektive me an\u00eb t\u00eb kufizimit p\u00ebr t\u00eb g\u00ebzuar t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn e pozicioneve zyrtare (n\u00eb komisione, n\u00eb qeveri, etj) ose me an\u00eb t\u00eb heqjes s\u00eb mb\u00ebshtetjes politike nga partit\u00eb p\u00ebr t\u00eb kandiduar, k\u00ebshtu q\u00eb politikan\u00ebt detyrohen ose t\u00eb b\u00ebhen pjes\u00eb e kartelit (sepse lidershipi i partis\u00eb ka shum\u00eb mjete n\u00eb dispozicion p\u00ebr t\u2019i kontrolluar ato, duke p\u00ebrfshir\u00eb k\u00ebtu dhe dor\u00ebheqjen e detyruar), ose t\u00eb nd\u00ebshkohen.<\/p>\n<p>Nj\u00eb mjet i r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm kushtetues p\u00ebr t\u00eb stimuluar konkurrenc\u00ebn nd\u00ebrmjet partive \u00ebsht\u00eb leht\u00ebsimi i hyrjes s\u00eb partive t\u00eb reja n\u00eb sistemin politik, sepse nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb, q\u00eb kjo sigurisht forcon partit\u00eb e themeluara n\u00eb nj\u00eb demokraci p\u00ebr t\u2019u kujdesur m\u00eb mir\u00eb p\u00ebr d\u00ebshirat e popullsis\u00eb dhe p\u00ebr t\u00eb qen\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb kujdessh\u00ebm n\u00eb lidhje me privilegjet dhe korrupsionin, priret q\u00eb efekti t\u00eb jet\u00eb afatshkurt\u00ebr; t\u00eb porsaardhurit shpejt v\u00ebrtetojn\u00eb se shum\u00eb avantazhe duhet t\u00eb fitohen nga tolerimi i kartelit t\u00eb politikan\u00ebve dhe madje m\u00eb shum\u00eb duke marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb (rasti partive t\u00eb vogla); p\u00ebrvoja n\u00eb shum\u00eb vende dhe, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri me ndryshimin e Kodit Zgjedhor n\u00eb vitin 2008, e mb\u00ebshtet k\u00ebt\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim. Vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb referendum, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin t\u00eb gjith\u00eb qytetar\u00ebt t\u00eb ken\u00eb mund\u00ebsin\u00eb t\u00eb marrin pjes\u00eb, do t\u00eb plot\u00ebsonte k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn vendimtare q\u00eb pushtetin e vendimit njer\u00ebzve ta delegoj\u00eb jasht\u00eb kartelit t\u00eb politikan\u00ebve; P\u00ebr shembull, referendumi p\u00ebr zgjedhjen direkte nga populli t\u00eb Presidentit t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs n\u00eb Shqip\u00ebri do t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb nga opsionet e mundshme, q\u00eb duhet hedhur n\u00eb diskutim n\u00eb publik; politikan\u00ebt jan\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb vet\u00ebdijsh\u00ebm se institucioni i nj\u00eb refrendumi popullor i kufizon ashp\u00ebrsisht shanset q\u00eb ata t\u00eb ndjekin q\u00ebllimet e tyre, prandaj kryesisht ata priren t\u2019i kund\u00ebrshtojn\u00eb element\u00ebt e demokracis\u00eb direkte; t\u00eb drejtat direkte t\u00eb pjes\u00ebmarrjes politike n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet referendumeve dhe nismave, p\u00ebrb\u00ebjn\u00eb nj\u00eb form\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrparuar t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb me efekte potencialisht p\u00ebrfituese p\u00ebr vendet n\u00eb tranzicion. Argumentet teorike dhe d\u00ebshmia empirike jan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur p\u00ebr ta forcuar k\u00ebt\u00eb pretendim, sepse kan\u00eb treguar, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, se: demokracia direkte, sistematikisht, rrit besimin dhe ndershm\u00ebrin\u00eb, q\u00eb jan\u00eb element\u00eb vendimtar\u00eb p\u00ebr kapitalin shoq\u00ebror; demokracia direkte, sistematikisht, p\u00ebrmir\u00ebson rezultatet shoq\u00ebrore, sepse rriten kushtet ekonomike, ve\u00e7an\u00ebrisht, p\u00ebr t\u00eb ardhurat p\u00ebr frym\u00eb dhe mir\u00ebqenien subjektive (k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsin\u00eb e qytetar\u00ebve); argumentet standart kund\u00ebr demokracis\u00eb direkte (inkompentenca e qytetar\u00ebve dhe mungesa e interesit, rreziku i manipulimit dhe emocionaliteti, q\u00eb fshehin progresin dhe q\u00eb shkat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb t\u00eb drejtat civile dhe kostot e larta) nuk jan\u00eb bind\u00ebse; vendimet e demokracis\u00eb direkte k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb koh\u00eb dhe mund\u00ebsi p\u00ebr diskutim intensiv; element\u00ebt e demokracis\u00eb direkte mund t\u00eb prezantohen n\u00eb vendet n\u00eb tranzicion duke filluar me nivelet komb\u00ebtare dhe vendore dhe m\u00eb pas duke i zgjeruar m\u00eb tej; prezantimi gradual i tipareve t\u00eb demokracis\u00eb direkte \u00ebsht\u00eb mjaft i mundsh\u00ebm dhe i k\u00ebshilluesh\u00ebm sepse ajo mb\u00ebshtet pro\u00e7esin e domosdosh\u00ebm t\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebsuarit; qytetar\u00ebt duhet t\u00eb ken\u00eb t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn t\u00eb qeverisin pro\u00e7esin e prezantimit t\u00eb nismave popullore dhe referendumeve. Se sa i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb ky p\u00ebrfundim do ta tregojn\u00eb zgjedhjet vendore te qershorit 2015.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nga Kasem Seferi (Padegog, ish keshilltar per ekonomine i Presidentit te Shqiperise) James Madison, ambasador n\u00eb Paris dhe m\u00eb pas ish President i SHBA q\u00eb nga ajo do t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb dukje se \u201cDemokracit\u00eb kan\u00eb qen\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb spektakle t\u00eb turbullir\u00ebs dhe grindjes; kan\u00eb qen\u00eb gjithnj\u00eb t\u00eb pap\u00ebrputhshme<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5137,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5136","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-politike"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5136","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5136"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5136\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5138,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5136\/revisions\/5138"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5137"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5136"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5136"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/revistakuvendi.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5136"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}